<p>The Babylonische Turm  is a 2,050-metre-high rock needle on the eastern arête of the Kellenspitze , the highest summit in the Tannheim Mountains in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Seen from the south the pinnacle looks like an independent peak. It is important to Alpine climbers because it has numerous climbing routes.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>The easiest ascent, the so-called normal route, runs up the South Gully and is rated as UIAA grade I to III and was first climbed in 1904. The Southwest Arête, first ascended in 1921, is classed as UIAA grade IV+. The route up the West Face of the tower (opened in 1959) requires free climbing to grade UIAA VI+, or technical climbing at grade A 3. In the mid-1980s, short routes at grades V+ and IV+/A 0 were opened up the Southeast Arête and up the crumbly Southeast Face.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Dieter Seibert: Allgäuer Alpen Alpin, Alpine Club Guide. Munich, Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Freytag und Berndt: walking map 1:50,000, Sheet WK 352, Ehrwald, Lermoos, Reutte, Tannheimer Tal</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Frederick Law Olmsted Summer Home, also known as Felsted, is a historic house in the town of Deer Isle, Maine. It is located on the west side of the same-named island, south of the village of Sunset. Designed by William Ralph Emerson and built in 1897, it was for one year the summer home of the famous landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted in a bid to improve his failing mental health. Olmsted, then retired and severely affected by senility, was later committed McLean Hospital in Massachusetts, where he died in 1903. The house is a high-quality example of Shingle style architecture; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Olmsted house is perched on rocky crag above a cove on the west side of a peninsular lobe of Deer Isle south of the village of Sunset. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, roughly T-shaped, with a hip roof across its main block and a gable section that projects over the rocky shore. The house rests in part on a fieldstone foundation and in part directly on the bedrock of the shore. The house is characterized by numerous porches, gables, dormers, and projecting sections, with expansive use of windows to give fine views accorded by its location.</p><br>
<p>The impetus for the houses construction came from Frederick Law Olmsteds wife Mary. The Olmsted had traveled to England in a bid to combat his increasing senility, but he became depressed by the English climate. Mary asked their son Frederick Jr. to build them a summer retirement home in Maine. The younger Olmsted retained Boston architect William Ralph Emerson, already noted for his Shingle style designs and work in Maine, to design the house, which was built in 1897. His plans included landscape work which was intended to stimulate the elder Olmsted&#39;s decreasing mental faculties. The Olmsteds moved in in 1897, but he was not happy, and his condition continued to deteriorate. The following year he was committed to McLean Hospital in Massachusetts, where he died in 1903.</p><br>
<p>Merritt-Winstead House is a historic home located near Roxboro, Person County, North Carolina. It was built in 1915, as a 1 1/2-story, transitional Queen Anne / Colonial Revival style frame dwelling. It was enlarged in 1934 to a two-story, three bay, Colonial Revival dwelling veneered in brick with a one-story, wrap-around American Craftsman-style front porch. A one-story vestibule was added to the front facade about 1950. Also on the property are a contributing carport , garage , tennis court , swimming pool complex , well house , two grape arbors , Bill Joes Play Doctors Office , retaining walls , storage building , barbeque grill , and rock walls and a boxwood garden .</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Sulphur Springs Old School Complex Historic District encompasses a collection of connected school buildings at 512 Black Street in Sulphur Springs, Benton County, Arkansas. The main school building is a somewhat vernacular single-story brick structure with a gable-on-hip roof, built in 1941 with funding from the Works Progress Administration. Its main entrance is set in a tall arched opening decorated with buff brick. It is connected via covered walk to the gymnasium, a craftsman-style wood frame structure with a gable-on-hip roof and novelty siding. The gym was built in 1925 as a military barracks at Camp Crowder in Neosho, Missouri, and was moved to this location in 1948. A wood-frame hyphen connects the gym to the 1949 cafeteria, a vernacular brick building. The school complex was used until 1965 when Sulphur Springs&#39; school were consolidated with those of Gravette. The school now houses the local police department, history museum, and community meeting spaces.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Noppenspitze is a rocky summit, 2,594 metres high, in the central part of the Hornbach chain of the Allgäu Alps.</p><br>
<h2>Location and surroundings</h2><br>
<p>The mountain&#39;s southeastern arête, with its jagged teeth and rock slabs, separates the cirques of the Sattelkar and Noppenkar and forks behind the Luxnach Saddle where the grassy ridge of the Häselgehrberg branches off. To the north a steep rock face drops 300 metres into the dark, wooded Hornbach valley.</p><br>
<h2>First ascent</h2><br>
<p>The Noppenspitze was first climbed on 16 August 1890 by Anton Spiehler and his guide, Johann Schiffer. Approaching the main crest of the Hornbach chain from the Noppenkar to the south, the two mountaineers crossed below the wild precipices to the north and completed their ascent to the summit from that direction.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The Noppenspitze is a rarely climbed mountain. According to the summit book in 2006, it was only being climbed about 5 - 15 times per year. In order to reach the highest point, a long approach and a climb through 1,500 metres of height is required. In addition, there are no tracks or paths to the summit and it requires sure-footedness and a head for heights as well as a good sense of direction in the trackless and confusing terrain. The technical climbing required on the normal route up the southwest flank is assessed as UIAA grade II.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Dieter Seibert: Alpenvereinsführer Allgäuer und Ammergauer Alpen, 16th edition, Rother Bergverlag, 2004,</p><br>
<p>Die Erschließung der Ostalpen, 1. Band, Die Nördlichen Kalkalpen, Verlag des Deutschen und Österreichischen Alpenvereins, Berlin, 1893</p><br>
<p>Greenville Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Greenville, Pitt County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 51 contributing buildings in the central business district of Greenville. It includes buildings dated from about 1914 to 1952 and notable examples of Greek Revival and Queen Anne style architecture. Located in the district and listed separately are the Pitt County Courthouse  by Milburn, Heister & Company and USA Post Office . Other notable buildings include the Proctor Hotel , Montgomery Ward Department Store , Dail-Hodges Building , Blount Building , Greenville Bank and Trust , Smith Electric Building , Greenville Municipal Building  designed by Benton & Benton, Blount-Harvey Department Store , White’s Theater , Charles Greene House , and the Robert Lee Humber House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003, with a boundary increase in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Greenville Tobacco Warehouse Historic District is a national historic district located at Greenville, Pitt County, North Carolina. The district encompasses seven contributing buildings and one contributing structures in an industrial section of Greenville. It includes buildings dated from about 1905 to 1947 and notable examples of Art Deco and Italianate style industrial architecture. Contributing resources are the American Tobacco Company Storage Warehouse #2. ; the Prichard-Hughes Warehouse ; the Dail-Ficklen Warehouse ; the Export Leaf Factory ; the E. B. Ficklen Factory ; the Gorman Warehouse ; the Star Warehouse ; and the System of CSX Railroad Tracks.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997, with a boundary increase in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Skinnerville–Greenville Heights Historic District is a national historic district located in Greenville, North Carolina. The district encompasses 280 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 1 contributing structure in a predominantly residential section of Greenville. It includes buildings dated from about 1845 to 1955 and notable examples of Bungalow / American Craftsman and Queen Anne architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed E. B. Ficklen House and Jesse R. Moye House. Other notable buildings include the Third Street Elementary School , Glenn-Pender-Moore House , York-Overton House , George W. and Lina Baker House , Roy C. and Helen Flanagan House, Jarvis Harding House , and A.G. and Pattie W. Witherington House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Farmville Historic District is a national historic district located at Farmville, Pitt County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 330 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 2 contributing structures in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Farmville. It includes buildings dated from about 1860 to 1942 and notable examples of Colonial Revival, Classical Revival, and Queen Anne style architecture. Notable buildings include the James W. May House , Fields-Rasberry House , Dr. David Morrill House , Warren Parker House, Nannie Smith House , First Christian Church , Emmanuel Episcopal Church , St. Elizabeth Catholic Church, Municipal Building  possibly designed by Benton & Benton, Bank of Farmville  designed by Benton & Benton, Pollard Auto Company Building, Paramount Theatre , J. Y. Monk Tobacco Warehouse, and East Carolina Railway Office and Freight Station.&gt</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Renston Rural Historic District is a national historic district located near Winterville, Pitt County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 105 contributing buildings, 6 contributing sites, 7 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object on eight major farms in rural Pitt County near Winterville. It includes buildings largely dated from about 1890 to 1953 and notable examples of Greek Revival and Classical Revival style architecture. They include the Fletcher Farm, the Charles and Maggie McLawhorn farms, the Langston-Edwards properties, the Dail Farm, the Dennis McLawhorn farms, the McLawhorn-Abbott property, and the Richard Herman McLawhorn farms. Notable individual buildings include the Joseph Smith House, former Renston School and the first Bethany Free Will Baptist Church, Spier  Worthington House , Langston-Edwards House , the Dail House , and the Charles McLawhorn House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Kreuzkarspitze is a 2,587-metre-high Austrian mountain in the Hornbach chain of the Allgäu Alps.</p><br>
<h2>Location and surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The Kreuzkarspitze lies in the Austrian federal state of Tyrol. The municipal boundary between Elbigenalp to the south and Hinterhornbach to the north runs over the summit.</p><br>
<p>The peak rises in the Hornbach chain, which is bounded in the south by the Lech valley and in the north by the Hornbach valley. The East Arête to the Noppenspitze (2,594 m) has a notch (2,458 m) that is the reference point for the Kreuzkarspitzes prominence of 129 metres. The Noppenspitze is also the parent peak for the Kreuzkarspitzes isolation of 1.2 kilometres. Between the two summits lies the Noppenkar. This cirque is separated from another one, the Balschtekar, by the long South Arête of the Kreuzkarspitze. From the West Arête of the Kreuzkarspitze rises the Balschtespitze (2,499 m), before the Hornbach chain descends to the col of Schöneggerscharte (2,257 m). To the north lies the Kreuzkar cirque.</p><br>
<p>On the South Arête are the summits of the Söllerköpfe (2,402 m); the ridge then continues over the den Balschte Saddle (2,226 m) to the Rotwand (2,262 m). On the north flank is a small, unnamed glacier and, at the foot of the Kreuzkar, lies the lake of Kreuzkarsee (1983 m).</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Kreuzkarspitze is built of brittle main dolomite rock.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>The name of the mountain comes from the cirque to the north. Why the latter was called Kreuz ("cross") is not totally clear. Because the famers from the Lech valley also used pastures in the Hornbach valley, they had to cross the Hornbach chain, which was possible over the col of Schöneggerscharte. It is likely that a cross was erected in its vicinity as a symbol of protection or trust. A summit recorded in 1775 as the Creuzspitze could have been the Schreierkopf.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Kreuzkarspitze was first climbed in 1892 by Chr. Wolff using the present normal route. In 1899, von Cube and his unknown companion scaled the North Face for the first time. The route from the Noppenkar to the South Arête was climbed in 1900 by W. Lossen. The first crossing of the East and West Arêtes was also achieved in 1900 by v. Cube and A. Schulze.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<h3>Normal route</h3><br>
<p>The base for the unmarked ascent of the Kreuzkarspitze is the Hermann von Barth Hut (2,129 m). From there the Enzensperger Way (Weg 435) heads eastwards into the Balschtekar. From there it climbs to the notch (2,348 m) between the Kreuzkarspitze and the Norther Söllerkopf, following the South Arête from here to the top. The crux of the tour is a ledge in front of the western subpeak, which is rated as a UIAA grade I climb. In addition the ascent requires a head for heights and sure-footedness.</p><br>
<h3>Climbing</h3><br>
<p>Besides the relatively easy normal route there are also climbing routes on the Kreuzkarspitze. The eastern flank and East Arête are grade III climbs, as is the West Arête. The North Face is a grade IV climb.</p><br>
<p>City Presbyterian Church  is the name of a church located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States. The current congregation has no direct connection to the one which originally occupied the building. The building sits on a lot bound by 13th Street and Classen Drive, and therefore has two different street addresses. The "front"  of the church is at 1433 Classen Drive, but the address listed on church literature and used for mail delivery is 829 NW 13th Street. The congregation, which informally calls itself "City Pres," is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church in America and is pastored by Rev. Doug Serven and Rev. Bobby Griffith.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>Originally called Park Congregational Church, the church was designed by the Oklahoma City architectural firm Hawk & Parr and built in 1920, of red brick and limestone in Late Gothic Revival style. The name of the congregation was changed to Pilgrim Congregational Church soon after, and the building was known by this name for most of its history.</p><br>
<p>During its heyday the church was the place of worship for many of Oklahoma Citys civic leaders, including The Oklahomans publisher E.K. Gaylord. From 1924 to 1935 the church was led by Frank Milton Sheldon, who wrote a number of religious texts, later became the minister at Milwaukees NRHP-listed Grand Avenue Congregational Church, and was described by the Milwaukee Journal as "one of Americas best known ministers".</p><br>
<p>The congregation was later absorbed into Oklahoma City&#39;s Mayflower Community Church, a member of the United Church of Christ, In 2000 the building was purchased by a pair of doctors, who later announced plans to convert it into a health spa. They added an indoor swimming pool and other facilities, but the spa project was unsuccessful. The building was offered for sale by auction in June 2011, but failed to sell.</p><br>
<h2>Congregation history</h2><br>
<p>City Presbyterian Church started with a group of about 20 people who began meeting in a private home in Norman, Oklahoma in the summer of 2011, with the goal of planting a PCA church in downtown Oklahoma City. That fall and winter they held a few worship services, started small group meetings throughout the city, and held social events and service projects in an effort to reach out to the Oklahoma City community. City Presbyterian held its first worship service on January 15, 2012. From January 2012 through March 2014 it met in space which was rented or borrowed from various churches in downtown Oklahoma City.</p><br>
<p>On September 8, 2013, City Presbyterian Church announced that it had entered into an agreement to purchase the building formerly belonging to Pilgrim Congregational Church. The purchase was completed on November 1, 2013, and after completing renovations the church held a "grand opening" of the building on Easter Sunday, April 20, 2014. On Pentecost Sunday, June 8, 2014, City Presbyterian Church officially transitioned from a mission church to a self-governing congregiation within the Presbyterian Church in America.</p><br>
<p>The Jacksonville Labor Temple is a historic building located at 228 South Mauvaisterre Street in Jacksonville, Illinois. The Jacksonville Trades and Labor Assembly, an organization of Jacksonville labor union members formed in 1892, constructed the building in 11904 to serve as its meeting house. Union construction workers volunteered to build the building, while its remaining costs were funded by a tax on the other unions. The building was the third labor temple built in the United States, after buildings in Los Angeles and Belleville, Illinois. Jacksonville&#39;s unions have held their meetings in the building since its construction, and it is now the oldest labor temple which is still in use.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Pehr J. Jacobson House is a historic log house at 452 New Sweden Road  in New Sweden, Maine. It was built c. 1870 by one of the first Swedish immigrants drawn to the area as part of a state program. It is one of a small number of surviving log houses in the state built by Swedish immigrants, and reflects their distinctive construction style. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Jacobson House is set on the west side of New Sweden Road, near the top of what is now called Jacobson Hill. The 3 acre property includes, in addition to the house, a 1936 gambrel-roofed barn (located southwest of the house), and an heirloom orchard that includes twelve apple trees planted by Pehr Jacobson. From its exterior appearance the house is a 1-1/2 story Cape style structure, with a side gable roof and a central gable-roof dormer that breaks the eave to join the main (east-facing) facade. The facade is three bays wide, with sash windows in the end bays and the dormer, and a replacement bay window in the center bay. A frame addition extends to the rear from the southwest corner of the main block. The house has a metal roof and Masonite siding.</p><br>
<p>The exterior walls of the main block are fashioned out of 6 in cedar logs that have been squared on the interior and exterior faces. Two interior log walls, running east-west, divide the block into three roughly equal-sized sections. Frame walls further subdivide two of these spaces, and doorways are cut into the log walls to provide circulation. The interior log walls are partially exposed, as is a portion of the exterior wall near the rear addition, so that aspects of its construction methods are exposed. The visible joints are formed from square notches, and there is evidence of moss chinking.</p><br>
<p>The main block of the house was built c. 1870 by Pehr J. Jacobson, who was one of the first Swedish immigrants to settle New Sweden in 1870, under a program by the state government to encourage immigration to the area which gave each family 100 acres (40 ha). Jacobson was granted one of the first 36 tracts granted in what was later incorporated as New Sweden. The house is of comparatively large size for a childless couple of the period, although there is evidence that he may have temporarily house a C. Jacobson who eventually settled nearby.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Duncan House, also known as the Governor Duncan Mansion, is a historic house located at 4 Duncan Place in Jacksonville, Illinois. The Georgian style house was built in 1833 for Illinois politician Joseph Duncan. Duncan served as Illinois representative in the USA House of Representatives from 1827 to 1834; he was the states sole representative for all but his last year. After leaving the House, Duncan served as Governor of Illinois from 1834 to 1838. As Illinois had no Governors Mansion at the time of his election, Duncans house served as the unofficial governors mansion during his time in office. Duncan oversaw the beginning of the Illinois and Michigan Canals construction in 1836, which he had promoted both in Congress and as governor.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 5, 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Governor Duncan Mansion is owned and operated by the Rev. James Caldwell Chapter NSDAR, and is open for tours.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office, also known as the Federal Building, is a historic post office building located at Greenville, Pitt County, North Carolina. It was designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under the direction of Oscar Wenderoth and built in 1913–1914. It is a two-story, five bay, Florintine Renaissance style stuccoed brick building on a limestone base. It has a low hip roof of terra cotta tile with overhanging eaves. The front facade features a three-bay loggia formed by arches with voluted keystones, springing from Tuscan order columns. This building served as the main post office for Greenville until 1969. It currently serves as a USA Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It is located in the Greenville Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Cullman Downtown Commercial Historic District is a historic district in Cullman, Alabama. Cullman was founded in 1873 by John G. Cullmann, who purchased land from the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Most early commercial buildings were constructed of wood, with the first brick building, a hotel and restaurant across from the L&N depot, completed in 1881. Most of the early wooden buildings burned, including the C. A. Stiefelmeyer Storehouse in 1892, which was replaced with the current Stiefelmeyers building. A new post office building was constructed in 1910, at the same time as a major boom in construction. Following a lull during World War I, construction continued in the 1920s, including the First United Methodist Church in 1923. The majority of the 58 contributing structures in the district are one- or two-story brick buildings in basic commercial styles, some influenced by the Chicago School. Notable exceptions are the wooden Italianate Stiefelmeyers building, the stone Gothic Revival First Methodist Church, and the Neoclassical Federal Building and German Bank building&#39;s corner cupola.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Oddfellows House, also known as Oddfellows Hall, is a former fraternal clubhouse of Oddfellows at 825 1st Avenue in Fairbanks, Alaska. It is a wood-frame building with two sections, the front one a narrow two-story structure, the rear one a wider single-story structure. Each section has its own gable roof, although they do briefly align. The building was built in 1907 by Madame Renio, a fortune teller, and initially housed a clinic and residential space in the front and a bathhouse in the rear. The bathhouse business failed after its pipes froze in the winter of 1909-10, and the building was purchased by the local chapter of the International Order of Odd Fellows . This fraternal organization converted the front space into a kitchen and bathroom, and the rear was converted into a large meeting hall. Under the IOOF&#39;s ownership the hall was used by a wide variety of civic and religious organizations, including its sister organization, the Golden Rebekahs. The IOOF chapter was disbanded between the 1930s and 1945, and the building ownership was taken over by the Golden Rebekahs. The Rebekahs disbanded in 2007, and the space was briefly used as a museum; it now houses a retail establishment.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Sutherlin Cabin is a historic summer cabin at 4 North Mountain in Bella Vista, Arkansas. Built c. 1924, it is the simplest of the handful of summer cabins in Bella Vista to survive from that period. It presents a single story at the front, but sits on a steeply sloping lot that provides a full second story at the rear. Unlike its contemporaries, it lacks projecting deck and porch sections, having only a narrow porch across its front, underneath the main hip roof. The cabin has bands of sash windows on all sides, interrupted only on the east side by the fieldstone chimney. The two levels of the cabin are not connected by an interior staircase.</p><br>
<p>The cabin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Wonderland Cave is the largest cave in northwestern Arkansas. It is located on Dartmoor Road in Bella Vista, northeast of Bella Vista Lake and east of United States Route 71. The cave was first developed in the 1920s, and transformed into a nightclub in the 1930s, finishing a cavernous space within it with a concrete floor, stage for musicians, and decorations reminiscent of Alice in Wonderland. Portions of the facility have also been used historically for the aging of locally produced wine, and at least one session of the Arkansas Legislature has been held in the cave. A local organization is developing plans to reopen the site as a tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>The cave was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Kingston is a historic commercial building at 101 Public Square in Kingston, Madison County, Arkansas. It is a single-story stone structure, built in 1911, notable for the use of pressed metal  on three sides. The most elaborate treatment is on the main facade, which has a richly-decorated frieze, cornice, and parapet above the relatively conventional storefront. The east and west sidewalls of the building have a pressed metal veneer shaped in imitation of stonework. The interior of the building, restored in the early 1980s, has also retained rich details. The building is the architecturally finest commercial building in the small community.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Bunch Store is a historic commercial building at 100 Public Square in Kingston, Madison County, Arkansas. It is located at the northwest corner of the main square, and is a two story wood frame structure with a gable roof over its left two-thirds, and a flat roof over the remainder. The building is distinctively 6 in out of plumb, giving it a noticeable tilt, although its doorways and windows are properly square and plumb, suggesting that something occurred during construction to shift the frame of the building. The store was one of the first commercial buildings constructed in the town after the American Civil War, which was effectively destroyed, apparently by marauding bandits, during the war.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The St. Josephs Church Complex is a collection of historic buildings located in Fort Madison, Iowa, United States. At one time the complex housed a Catholic parish in the Diocese of Davenport. St. Joseph and St. Mary of the Assumption parishes merged in the 1990s to form Saints Mary and Joseph Parish. In 2007 when that parish merged with Sacred Heart on the west side to form Holy Family Parish, St. Josephs Church was closed. The former church, chapel, rectory, convent and school were included as contributing properties in the Park-to-Park Residential Historic District that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>St. Joseph’s Church</h3><br>
<p>The Catholic Church in Fort Madison was organized by a missionary priest to the Midwest named John George Alleman. Initially, he stayed in the home of John Gerhard Schwartz, where he also celebrated the first Mass in the town. Schwartz also offered his assistance in building the first Catholic church in the community. St. Joseph parish was organized in 1840 in what was then the Diocese of Dubuque. Besides John Schwartz, the first parishioners included his brother Henry Schwartz, Herman Dingman, Joseph Hellman, Henry Tieken, Bernard Tieken, Richard Fahey, Liborious Nelle, Henry Becker and their families. Within six years their numbers had swelled to 75 families, and the small brick church the first families built became too small, so a new church was built in 1847. Father Alleman lived in a room in the basement of the church and, at the request of Bishop Loras, ministered to the German people of Southeastern Iowa, as well as the Illinois community of Nauvoo, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>Father Alleman also established the first parochial school at St. Joseph’s and was its first teacher. The School Sisters of Notre Dame from St. Louis were the first sisters to teach in Fort Madison. They were replaced at St. Joseph by the Congregation of the Humility of Mary. The school grew to include elementary and secondary grades. The last church building for the parish, which still stands on the east side of downtown, was built in 1886.</p><br>
<h3>St. Mary's and Sacred Heart</h3><br>
<p>In 1857 St. Josephs pastor, the Rev. Alexander Hattenberger planned for a larger and more centrally located church for his growing parish. However, the American Civil War shelved whatever plans were made. During the pastorate of the Rev. John B. Weikman property was purchased west of the downtown area in April 1865. In August of the same year ground was broken for a new school and then a new church. On September 3, 1865 a riot erupted among the parishioners prompted by those who were opposed to the move. The controversy lasted for eight years and resulted in numerous building delays. The new school building was dedicated on November 9, 1865 as Kreutz Erhohung Schule (Exultation of the Cross School). It was named for the day (September 14) that the School Sisters of Notre Dame came to Fort Madison from Milwaukee in 1860. The Rev. Jacob Orth became pastor the following year and construction on the new church preceded with the laying of the cornerstone for the present St. Marys Church on July 18, 1866. Plans were made to move to the new parish facilities in late 1870, but Bishop John Hennessy of Dubuque refused to dedicate the new church until its debt of $7,000 was paid off. Father Orth decided to act on his own and dedicated the new church himself on January 1, 1871. He was replaced as pastor the following month by the Rev. Aloysius Meis. The parish fluctuated between being known as St. Josephs, the German Catholic Church in recognition of the parishs many German parishioners, as well as other names. The confusion ended in January 1874 when St. Joseph&#39;s was given its own pastor at its original location. The new facility became a new parish and was placed under the patronage of St. Mary of the Assumption.</p><br>
<p>The third parish in Fort Madison was founded in the towns Santa Fe neighborhood near the Santa Fe Railroad yards on the west side of town. The Rev. Louis DeCailly from St. Josephs opened a school in Ivo Dentz&#39;s tin shop at the corner of Santa Fe and Union Avenues (present-day Avenue L and 23rd Street) on September 8, 1892. The Sisters of Humility from St. Joseph were placed in charge. DeCailly would occasionally celebrate Mass for the people of the area. Sacred Heart Parish was established the following year with the Rev. Peter Hoffman as pastor.</p><br>
<h3>Mergers</h3><br>
<p>The first merger of the Catholic Community in Fort Madison happened in the parochial schools. Both St. Joseph’s and St. Mary’s high schools merged in 1925 to form Catholic Central High School in the St. Marys building. Aquinas High School replaced it on the city’s northwest side in 1959. The three parishes continued to operate their own grade schools until 1966 when St. Josephs, St. Marys and Sacred Heart were consolidated to form St. Josephs Middle School for 7th and 8th grade students, using the St. Josephs building. St. Josephs K-6 students were then sent to St. Marys. Sacred Heart and St. Marys continued to operate their own grade schools until 1977 when they were consolidated to form Aquinas East, which was at St. Joseph’s, and Aquinas West at Sacred Heart. By the 1990s the Catholic Schools in Fort Madison and the Marquette Catholic Schools based in nearby West Point were both struggling. The two Catholic school systems merged and a new school named Holy Trinity opened in July 2005.</p><br>
<p>Demographics in the city of Fort Madison and the Diocese of Davenport began to change in the latter half of the 20th century. Fort Madison lost population and the religious habits of Catholics started to change. The diocese also experienced a decline in the number of priests. A plan to consolidate parishes in the diocese was developed under Bishop Gerald O’Keefe. St. Joseph’s and St. Mary’s merged in 1996 and used both parish names in the name of the new parish, Saints Mary and Joseph. The former church building is now a wedding chapel.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Joseph’s Church was built in the Gothic Revival style in 1886. The central bell tower, capped with a spire, is original to the church. The entry vestibules and corner towers that flank it were added in 1906. The church was constructed of brick on a stone foundation. The lancet windows are filled with stained glass, as is the small rose window above the main entrance. There is another small rose window in the center of the church&#39;s apse. Paired lancet windows line the side walls of the church. The interior is divided into three naves by columns of the corinthian order. A hipped roof with a gable front end tops the structure.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the church is a small brick chapel. It is a reconstruction of the 1840 church on its original foundation. The structure was built around 1914. It features a front gable and the roof is composed of asphalt shingles.</p><br>
<p>The former rectory is located to the east of the church and faces Fifth Street. It is the only structure not built by the parish. The house was initially built for Dr. James H. Bacon, a physician, and his wife Sarah Coffman Bacon in the 1850s. The Bacons owned the house until 1883 when it was bought by George and Natalie Schafer. He was a druggist and president of George H. Schafer & Co. He also served as vice president and president of the American Pharmaceutical Association. St. Josephs bought the house for its rectory around 1925 and it was used for that purpose until 1996. It is once again a private home. The two-story house was constructed of brick on a stone foundation in the Greek Revival style. The roof is a dual pitched hipped roof with asphalt shingles. The house was remodeled in the 1950s at which time the two-car garage was built near the alley. The garage is a brick structure with a hipped roof, and it is also a contributing property in the historic district.</p><br>
<p>The former convent was built by the parish for its rectory in 1880. It served that purpose until around 1925 when it was converted into a convent for the Sisters of Humility who taught in the parish school. The house served as the convent until 1979. It is now a private residence. The two-story house is located to the west of the chapel on Avenue F. It was constructed of brick on a stone foundation in the Italianate style. A two-car garage was built around 2000 and it is connected to the house by a breezeway. The house features a hipped roof and the garage features a front gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>The former school building sits across Avenue F from the church. Designed by Davenport architect Arthur Ebeling, it is a two-story brick structure built on a raised basement. The foundation is composed of concrete. It has a flat roof. The Neoclassical style building was completed in 1926 and used as a school until 2006.</p><br>
<p>Gartnerkofel  is a mountain of the Carnic Alps in Carinthia, Austria. It is located on the main chain of the Carnics above the Naßfeld Pass, near the border with Italy. The nearest town is Hermagor-Pressegger See. The mountain has two summits, and ravines fall down from its northern slopes, which are separated by rocky ridges. The normal route is from the northwest, from where it an easy climb across the ridge to the summit. The mountain is also a popular ski touring destination.</p><br>
<h2>Wulfenia carinthiaca</h2><br>
<p>The slopes of Gartnerkofel is the only place where the endemic angiosperm Wulfenia carinthiaca plant grows in the wild. It was first discovered in 1799 by alpinist and botanist Franz Xaver von Wulfen and is now a popular garden plant.</p><br>
<p>The Ernest Edward Greene House is a historic residence in Cullman, Alabama. The house was built in 1913 by Ernest Edward Greene, the superintendent of Southern Cotton Oil Company. After Greene&#39;s death in 1922, the house was passed on to several more owners, including John George Luyben, Sr., who lived in the house for 34 years.</p><br>
<p>The two-story house is built in Neoclassical style, and has a side gable roof with two interior chimneys. The three-bay façade features a double-height portico, supported by two Ionic columns. The corners of the house have matching Ionic capitaled pilasters. A one-story, hip roofed porch supported by ten Tuscan columns wraps around the front of the house and halfway down each side. The front door has one large pane of glass, as well as a transom and sidelights; a similar door leads from the second floor hall to the deck above. The door and portico are flanked on the first floor by 40-over-1 sash windows on the ground floor, while the second floor features 35-over-1 sashes; the side elevations have 25-over-1 sashes, with 20-over-1 and 10-over-1 windows on the rear. There are rounded 25-over-1 windows in the attic-level gable ends. The interior is laid out in a center-hall plan, with two rooms on either side of a main hall. A dining room, living room, kitchen, and study are on the main floor, with three bedrooms and a sitting room on the second.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1986 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Louisville and Nashville Railroad Depot is a historic train station in Cullman, Alabama. The depot was built in 1913 as a replacement for Cullmans original station. Cullmans founder, John G. Cullmann, gave money to the city upon his death in 1895 to lower the Louisville and Nashville Railroad tracks through town, in order to reduce noise and pollution. The plan was not enacted until 1911, when the L&N laid double tracks through the town, necessitating the construction of a new depot. The depot served passengers until 1968, and was used for maintenance storage by new owners CSX until it was sold to the city in 1990. It was restored and now houses offices for the local United Way chapter.</p><br>
<p>The depot is built in Mission Revival style, unique among otherwise standard and less stylized L&N depot designs. The center section of the three-bay building is separated by two piers which rise above the parapet. The piers have shallow pyramidal tops, and are decorated with recessed panels and horizontal banding. In the central bay lies the main entrance, covered by a hipped roof portico which is supported by heavy square columns and brackets. The parapet is arched in each bay of the façade, and in the center bay of the rear, track-facing side. Each bay features 2 one-over-one sash windows with single-light transoms. The north end of the building has a set of carriage doors, originally leading to the baggage area, while the south end has a covered porch that leads to the tracks.</p><br>
<p>The depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Jacksonville Public Library is a Carnegie library located at 201 West College Avenue in Jacksonville, Illinois. The library was built in 1902 to house the citys library program, which began in 1870. Chicago architects Patton & Miller designed the Classical Revival building. The building still houses the citys public library and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jacksonville began its library program in 1870, but the library did not have a permanent home for its first three decades. The original program was a members-only program based out of the county courthouse. A free reading room opened in 1874, and the City of Jacksonville took control of the library in 1881; at this time, it was relocated to the city&#39;s YMCA. The library moved to a larger space in a building on South Main Street in 1897, but by this point it was growing fast enough to need a separate building. Lawyer L. O. Vaught petitioned Andrew Carnegie for a donation to build a library in 1901; the Carnegie Foundation gave the city $40,000 for a building. The library was built in 1902 and opened to the public in February of the following year.</p><br>
<p>The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 24, 2000. The building was expanded in the 1990s and continues to house the city&#39;s library.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Chicago architects Patton & Miller, who designed over 80 library buildings, designed the library. The two-story library has a Classical Revival design and a cross-shaped plan, the preferred library plan of Carnegies secretary James Bertram. A portico supported by four Corinthian columns covers the front entrance; the front door features glass sidelights and transoms. A dentillated and bracketed pediment tops the entrance, and a dentillated cornice runs along the librarys roof line. Double pilasters mark each corner of the building.</p><br>
<p>Stiefelmeyers is a historic commercial building in Cullman, Alabama. The store was founded in 1888, and occupied a two-story frame storehouse until it was destroyed by fire in 1892. Although brick had already become the material of choice for commercial buildings in the town, the current Stiefelmeyers was built in 1892 of wood. An addition was constructed in 1900, expanding the building to its current size. As other wood commercial buildings were destroyed by fire and replaced with brick structures, Stiefelmeyers remains the only example of the once-dominant building material in Cullmans commercial district.</p><br>
<p>The two-story building was designed in Italianate style. The building has a tall cornice with scroll-cut brackets and modillions. The front façade features two sets of double-leaf doors, each flanked by large display windows resting on marble base panels. A shed roofed canopy, similar to the one installed around 1900, covers the sidewalk along the front. The first floor doors and windows are topped with prism glass transoms. Two further entrances are along the 2nd Street side, one in the middle, and a recessed entrance near the rear. Several one-over-one sash windows with small transoms also line the side of the building. The second floor on the front and side also have rows of one-over-one windows.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1978 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Rainey-Skarland Cabin, also known as Raineys Cabin, Skarlands Cabin and Ivar&#39;s Cabin, is a historic log cabin on the campus of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in College, Alaska. A single-story three-room log structure with massive stone fireplace on one gable end, it is used today as extended lodging for a permanent or visiting anthropology faculty member or student.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cabin was built in 1936 on a ridge overlooking the school for Froelich Rainey, the first professor of the university&#39;s Anthropology Department. During his tenure the cabin played a significant role as a social center of the university, hosting a number of pioneering archaeologists and anthropologists, including J. Louis Giddings and Frederica de Laguna. When Rainey left in 1942 the university bought the cabin to use as faculty housing.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the late 1940s it was occupied by a successor as department chairman, former student Ivar Skarland, who continued Rainey&#39;s social practices.</p><br>
<p>Upon Skarland sudden death in 1965 university students requested the cabin, ski trails and a residence hall be named in his memory, resulting in the Rainey-Skarland Cabin. Today a permanent or visiting anthropology faculty member or student lives there.</p><br>
<p>The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. A major 1982 renovation was highlighted by roof replacement, insulation, and installation of an alarm system.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Holden House is a historic house, now located on the grounds of the Moose River Golf Club on United States Route 201 in Moose River, Maine. This 1-1/2 story Cape style house was built in 1829 by Samuel Holden , the first white settler of the region, and is the oldest known house standing on the "Canada Road", built around that time to join central Maine to Quebec. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Holden House stands on the east side of United States Route 201 in the rural center of the town of Moose River. It is set on the fringe of the Moose River Golf Club, a nine-hole golf course set on lands formerly belonging to the Holden family. The house is a 1-1/2 story wood frame Cape style house, set facing south on a stone foundation and clad in weatherboard siding. The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance framed by pilasters and topped by a transom window. A single small gable-roof dormer pierces the roof above the entrance. Southeast of the house stands a gable-roofed barn that appears to date to the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The house has undergone a significant number of alterations since its construction. In the early 20th century (and possibly earlier) it was used as a boarding house for travelers on the road, for which purposes ells were added to the east side of the house. Although these were present when the house was surveyed for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, they have since been removed. The house was listed by Maine Preservation as an endangered property in 1998, and in 2008 a preservation plan was developed. The house has since undergone a careful restoration to its early-19th century appearance.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1829, the house was the third home built by Samuel Holden, a Massachusetts native who was the first white settler of the area, arriving in 1820 with a family of nine children. Tradition has it that Holden built his first log cabin in 1819, at a location north of this house, moving the family to the area the following year. His first cabin was destroyed by fire in 1820, and was rapidly replaced by another, built at this location. That cabin was replaced by the present frame house in 1829, and is fashioned from mill-sawn lumber. Holdens house was a major focal point of the community in its early years, serving as a site for school classes prior to the construction of the communitys first schoolhouse, and as its first post office.</p><br>
<p>The house was owned by Holden descendants until 1872, and underwent a succession of owners until it was acquired by the town in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The John Perkins House is a historic house museum on the grounds of the Wilson Museum at 120 Perkins Street in Castine, Maine. Built in 1765 on Court Street, it is one of the oldest houses in Castine, and a well-preserved example of Georgian architecture; it was moved to its present location in 1968-69 and restored. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. It is open for tours on a limited basis during July and August.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Perkins House stands on the south side of Perkins Street, between the street and the Bagaduce River. It faces west, toward the main Wilson Museum building. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a central chimney. A 1-1/2 story ell extends to the rear of house; it also has a gable roof and a chimney. Its timbers are hand-hewn and joined by mortise and tenons, the lath used in the walls is made of split wood. The front entry is framed by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by an entablature and gabled pediment.</p><br>
<p>The house has a construction history dating to 1763 when John Perkins, a native of York, Maine, moved here with his bride. The house Perkins built was located on what is now Court Street, and initially consisted of a single-story structure corresponding to the rear ell of the house. The present two-story main block was built sometime thereafter. The original ell was replaced about 1783 by a two-story structure. By the mid-20th century the building had deteriorated in condition, and had been condemned as a fire hazard. It was rescued by the Wilson Museum, carefully disassembled, and reassembled on the present site. The 1783 ell was too badly rotted to save, and was replaced by the present reconstruction of the original single-story ell. The main downstairs rooms of the house have been restored to their appearance circa 1783.</p><br>
<p>The house is the only known house in Castine to predate the American Revolutionary War. The house was occupied by British troops in 1779, and survived bombardment by American forces of the Penobscot Expedition, the disastrous attempt to dislodge the British. It was again occupied by British troops during the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St John the Baptist  is a Christian church located in the city center of Kerch, Crimea. Built in the Byzantine architectural style, it is noted for the candy-striping in its façade. Dating to 717 AD, it is said to be one of the oldest churches in Eastern Europe.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church is located at the foot of the Mitridatskaya steps (there are 432 steps), which rises to the Mitridat Hill where there are a series of ancient sites. St John&#39;s Baptist Church is one of the oldest Christian churches built in the Byzantine architecture style; it was built during the Khazar era in the 8th century. An inscription in the older part of the church reads: "Here lies the servant of God Kyriakos, a son of George, a grandson of Vindira. He died on the month of June 3, induction 10th, in the year 6265 from Adam". This has been interpreted as the year 757 AD. During the period of the Soviet Union, the church was used as a gem museum. Following the restoration works carried out in the 1980s, church services have been resumed since 1990. In 1982, Tatjana Ivanovna Makarova published an article, Archaeological dating of the John the Precursor church in Kerch.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>In the oldest area of the church, there is a "four-pillar cross-dome" with the facade formed by semicircular recesses built over cross-shaped columns. The base of these columns are founded over marble columns which are provided with Corinthian capitals. It is inferred that this type of architectural feature existed on the basilicas built in the 6th century. Next to the western side of the church, there is a basilica which is dated between the 11th and 13th centuries. A new chapel was added to the church in the 19th century, which was followed by enlarging the basilica with stone works, and with a belfry. The narthex, which existed in the old church, has been demolished. The building material used in the old part of the church is light Kerch limestone. The walls of the church have been built with bricks in successive layers, laid in alternate stages of four layers of masonry followed by four layers of red clay bricks which act against earthquake effects. However, in the new extensions made to the church this seismic proofed type of wall construction is not evident. The old part of the church has withstood the vagaries of weather conditions. The interior of the church contains murals from the 13th–14th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The Standard Paper Box Corporation is a historic industrial complex at 110 Kenyon Street in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The complex consists of four buildings built between 1914 and 1971, primarily for the purpose of manufacturing boxes for the jewelry industry that was a major economic force in Pawtucket and adjacent Attleboro, Massachusetts. The buildings are notable in the historical development of power systems for industrial facilities, retaining in situ elements of several generations of electro-mechanical power infrastructure. The main building, now a two-story brick structure was built in 1914 by the Standard Paper Box Corporation, which operated on the premises until 1933, enlarging it with a second building in the 1920s. The complex was purchased by Donald Young, Inc., which expanded the premises again, raising the main building from one to two stories, enlarging the second building, and constructing a third in 1939. That company also produced boxes, operating until 1971.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Royal House in Machynlleth is a 16th-century Merchants House with extensive interior timber framing, clad in stone on the outside, with two massive chimney stacks. The building has been dated by denchrochronology or tree-ring dating giving felling dates for timbers within the house of 1559–1561, and for the rear store-house range of 1576. The Building was acquired by the Machynlleth Tabernacle Trust and excavations and survey were undertaken by CPAT before restoration work was started in 2005. The restoration was supported by the Heritage Lottery funding supported the restoration in 2006</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>In the centre of the town, in Heol Maengwyn, on the corner of Penrallt and Garsiwn.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Royal House is a mid 16th century town-house, which combined, probably from the outset, domestic and commercial functions, with domestic accommodation between a shop facing the street and a slightly later store-house at the rear. It occupied a half-burgage plot within the late medieval town, and was built to run lengthwise down the plot. The building has been tree-ring dated, giving felling dates for timbers within the house of 1559–1561, and for the rear store-house range of 1576.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Royal House</h2><br>
<p>Although the Royal House has had a long commercial history, much of the early structure and layout have, remarkably, survived. The original house was extended by the addition of the store-house (referred to as ‘’ysgubor newydd’’ in 1628), and whilst the character of the shop facade is early 19th century, it covers an earlier structure, which had been extended towards the street with the addition of a storeyed porch, probably of the 17th century.</p><br>
<p>Documentary evidence for the history and use of this building starts with a reference to it in 1581. In 1656, it was the home of a draper, William Lloyd, who sold it, in that year, to Thomas Pugh, a mercer. It was an occupied by mercers until at least the early 18th century, and probably by a family of drapers during the C19. A currier may have occupied it at some time during the late C17.</p><br>
<h3>Local Traditions</h3><br>
<p>According to local tradition, Dafydd Gam, a Welsh ally of the English kings, was imprisoned here from 1404 to 1412 for attempting to assassinate Owain Glyndŵr. After his release by Glyndŵr, ransomed Gam fought alongside Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt and is named amongst the dead in Shakespeare&#39;s Henry V. However, the evidence from the dendrochronlogical dates suggests that, this must have been before this house was built. The name Royal House stems from the tradition that Charles I stayed at the house in 1643.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The narrow hip-roofed front to Heol Penrallt was much remodelled in the 19th century. The house extends seven long bays down the adjacent street. Three-light window with ovolo mullions, and doorway with voussoired head. The roof of the main part of the building is tree-ring dated to 1559–61, that of the three W bays to 1576. Despite alterations, the plan of what was clearly a decent Elizabethan merchant’s house. The house formed the centre part of the range, with first floor hall and parlour heated by back-to-back fireplaces. The shop faced the main street, and the rear addition bays probably formed a warehouse and some extra rooms. The hall was open, the collar-truss roof has wind-braces. Fireplace has a bressumer on large corbels; post-and-panel partition. There is an ogee-headed doorway to the parlour.</p><br>
<p>The Traffic Tunnel Administration Building, also known as Boston Police Station Number One, is a historic government building in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts. The building occupies a prominent position facing North End Park off the Rose Kennedy Greenway, and is bounded by the park, North Street, and the trench carrying the exit point of the Sumner Tunnel. The Georgian Revival building was designed by Salem architect John M. Gray and built in 1931. The southern facade, facing the park, was originally used as the administrative facilities for Boston&#39;s tunnels, and the eastern facade provided access to the police station. The administration facilities are now used by the local police union, and the police station now houses the police academy.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Henry Grierson House is a historic house located at 852 East State Street in Jacksonville, Illinois. Built circa 1850, the house was the home of USA Army general Benjamin Grierson from 1850 until his death. Grierson was a Jacksonville mercantile businessman until 1861, when he joined the Union Army after the outbreak of the Civil War. During the war, Grierson led the eponymous Grierson&#39;s Raid, a mission which cut Confederate supply lines and diverted Confederate forces during the Vicksburg Campaign. After the war, Grierson served as colonel of the 10th Cavalry Regiment, one of the original Buffalo Soldier regiments of African-American cavalry. Grierson was appointed brigadier general in 1890 and retired from the Army in the same year; his house in Jacksonville served as his permanent address for his entire time in the Army.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Woodlawn Farm is a historic farm located at 1463 Gerkie Lane east of Jacksonville, Illinois. Michael Huffaker, one of Morgan Countys first settlers, established the farm in the 1820s after buying up a large section of land. Due to the many agricultural innovations of the 1830s, Huffaker earned a significant amount of money from his farm and became one of the countys wealthiest residents. Huffaker mainly raised livestock, particularly cattle and pigs, on his farm; while he also grew crops, they mainly served as feed. In 1840, Huffaker built the farm&#39;s farmhouse, an I-house with a Greek Revival entrance and frieze. According to local tradition, the house was a stop on the Underground Railroad; as Huffaker employed many free black farmhands, he could conceal escaped slaves among his workers.</p><br>
<p>The farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 6, 2007.</p><br>
<p>First World War Honour Board is a heritage-listed memorial at the National Australia Bank, 308 Queen Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Of the 331,946 Australians who embarked for overseas service, nearly 60,000 did not survive the First World War. Memorials were commissioned by service organisations, shire or city councils and by business groups. Some commemorated those who had died, while others recorded all who had served in the armed forces during the war. This honour board was erected by the Queensland National Bank in commemoration of those employees who served during this War.</p><br>
<p>The Sydney firm of Wunderlich Ltd, suppliers of architectural metalwork, manufactured the board. Listed in an oval centrepiece are the names of 115 employees of the Queensland National Bank (now the National Australia Bank) who saw service during the war and returned. Around this are the photographs and names of 22 employees who died while on active service. The memorial was unveiled by George Edward Bunning, Chairman of the Queensland National Bank Board on 19 August 1920. It is located to one side of the main entrance of the banking chamber, matched by a less elaborate Wunderlich honour board commemorating service of the bank&#39;s employees during the Second World War.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The honour board is a large bronze panel framed by mouldings and relief ornamentation, with lettering covering the pediment and frieze. In the upper corners of the panel are brass and enamelled representations of the Australian Commonwealth flag and of the Union Jack. In the lower corners are the brass bas relief figures of an Australian Infantryman and a Light Horseman.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>First World War Honour Board was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Honour Board is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, being a reflection of a sentiment that saw its expression in the public chronicling of the names of all servicemen.</p><br>
<p>The Honour Board is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a commemorative memorial erected by an employer in honour of employees who saw active service during the First World War and of the elaborate memorial metalwork carried out by Sydney firm Wunderlich Ltd.</p><br>
<p>The Honour Board exhibits in the elaborate art metalwork an aesthetic quality valued by the community.</p><br>
<p>"List of Highlands County Lakes," Highlands County Board of County Commissioners website, at</p><br>
<p>http://www.hcbcc.net/departments/parks_and_recreation/docs/Lakes_by_district.pdf.</p><br>
<p>Mirror Lake, a figure-eight-shaped lake, has a surface area of 93.15 acre. This lake is on the south edge of the city of Lake Placid, Florida. The area immediately surrounding it is mostly rural, but there are housing developments abutting the lake on part of its south side. Mirror Lake Drive runs just south of the lake and just south of that is Lake Placid, a much larger lake.</p><br>
<p>Mirror Lake provides public access along part of its southern shore. There are no public boat ramps or public swimming beaches along this lake. This lake can be fished where there is public access, but there is no information about the variety of fish in the lake. This lake is one of several lakes in Florida named Mirror Lake.</p><br>
<p>The Straw House is a historic house, now a bed and breakfast inn called the Trebor Mansion Inn, at 11A Golda Court in Guilford, Maine. The elegant Queen Anne Victorian was built c. 1832, and extensively altered in the 1880s by David Straw to achieve its present appearance. An electrical fire in 2004 did extensive damage to the building, but it has been largely restored to its 1880s appearance. Its walls feature artwork by the itinerant 19th-century artist Moses Eaton. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Straw House is located at a bend in Golda Court, a residential side street in the main village of Guilford, Maine. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled slate roof, wraparound single-story porch, and three story octagonal tower with a conical slate roof. The walls are finished in a variety of materials including clapboards, decorative cut shingles, and half-timbering.</p><br>
<p>The house was built c. 1830 by John Monroe, and was purchased in 1832 by David Straw, a lawyer who, along with his son David Jr., established one of Maine&#39;s first textile mills in 1865. Around 1836 Straw commissioned the itinerant artist Moses Eaton to add stenciled artwork to some of its walls. The building was greatly enlarged in 1894, at which time it acquired its Victorian features, including the tower. In 1976 the property was opened as the Trebor Mansion Inn. The house was damaged by a lightning-struck tree in 1991, and was virtually gutted by an electrically-started fired on January 24, 2004. The restoration of the property to its original condition included fabrication of custom windows, and sourcing of slate for the roof from the same quarry that had provided the original. The Eaton stencilwork was discovered during restoration, and was conserved with assistance from the Maine Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The John Peters House is a historic house, and the centerpiece of the John Peters Estate on Peters Point in Blue Hill, Maine. Built in 1815 and enlarged c. 1900 and 1920, the property is historically significant for its association with John Peters, one of the first proprietors of Blue Hill, who arrived in the region in 1765, and was a prominent figure in local political and economic life for many years. His house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983; after serving for a time in the 20th century as an inn, it is now available for rent as an event venue.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Peters House is set at the center of what is now called Peters Point, off Steamboat Wharf Road east of the main village of Blue Hill. The house is a 2-1/2 story structure, with a side gable roof. Its main block has brick walls on three sides, and wood frame sections to the northeast and southwest at the gables. The block has twin chimneys at the sides, and a five-bay facade with a front entry that has a simple Greek Revival surround with sidelight windows and pilasters. The front is sheltered by an oversized two-story portico supported by fluted columns, which was added c. 1900. A sunporch, built about the same time, was attached to the left side of the main block. To the rear of the main block and sunporch is a two-story wood frame ell, from which a second brick ell extends further to the left.</p><br>
<p>John Peters, a native of Andover, Massachusetts, arrived in the Blue Hill area in 1765, and was one of its first proprietors, owning more than 1,600 acre of land in the area. He served as Blue Hills town clerk and in other civic roles, and was a land surveyor and land agent for Philadelphia businessman William Bingham, who was the regions largest landowner around the turn of the 19th century. Peters also had other business interests, operating a local gristmill and shipyard, and served as a founding trustee of Blue Hill Academy. Peters had this house built in 1815, when he was 80 years old.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century the property was adapted for use as an inn and resort.</p><br>
<p>The A.H. Rice Silk Mill is a historic textile mill at 55 Spring Street in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Built in 1876 to house a woolen mill, this multi-section brick building was purchased in 1887 by William Bainbridge Rice, who established his silk-processing operation here. The premises were expanded in 1895 after Rice acquired a New Jersey silkworks and moved its equipment here. The Rice Company was one of Pittsfield&#39;s largest business at the turn of the 20th century. It produced a number of highly specialized materials, including silk cords for parachutes, which they later also made out of nylon. The company was particularly known for its braided silk cord. The facilities were used in the production of silk cording until 2006. The property has since been converted residential use.</p><br>
<p>The mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Trnovo Forest Plateau  is a karst plateau that constitutes the extreme northwest end of the Dinaric Alps. The Trnovo Forest Plateau has a karst character, without surface watercourses and broken up by closed valleys, outcroppings, hills, caves, shafts, and smaller karst features: solution pans, rills, karrens, and other features. Significant karst features include ice caves. The vegetation inversion at Big Paradana Ice Cave  in the eastern part of the plateau, measuring 385 m by 1,550 m, is a locus classicus and in the past ice was harvested from it and exported via Gorizia and Trieste to Egypt.</p><br>
<p>The Trnovo Forest Plateau has three nature reserves:</p><br>
<p>Big Paradana Ice Cave</p><br>
<p>Golak Peaks (1,495 m) and Spruce Valley (Smrekova draga, a karst depression)</p><br>
<p>The Smrečje forest reserve</p><br>
<h2>Surface</h2><br>
<p>The influence of tectonic activity is very evident in the area. There are many depressions, solution valleys, small karst poljes, and the remains of former river valleys. During the Pliocene the rivers leveled the tectonic upwelling and filled the valleys. Traces were also left by Pliocene glaciation because glaciers created small cirques on what had been a relatively level surface, as well as ground moraines and terminal moraines. The rivers transported gravel and deposited it in lower areas, filling the depressions.</p><br>
<h2>Rock</h2><br>
<p>The north side of the plateau shows tectonic formation along the Idrija Fault oriented in the Dinaric direction, and the south side shows the results of tectonic thrusting of Mesozoic limestone and dolomite over younger Eocene flysch. Two-thirds of the surface is covered by limestone, one-fourth by dolomite, and the remainder is flysch and loose material.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate of the Trnovo Forest Plateau is defined by its elevation and orientation. The Trnovo Forest Plateau lies in a continental temperature zone. It receives an average of 1,881 mm of precipitation per year. Differences in the quantity of precipitation differ little on a monthly basis. The greatest precipitation is in November (293 mm) and the least in February (135 mm). The majority of winter precipitation is in the form of snow, especially at higher elevations. The bora wind is a typical weather phenomenon, blowing down from the plateau towards the sea with gusts often exceeding 100 km/h. The bora can cause considerable damage in the area, uprooting trees and tearing the roofs off of houses.</p><br>
<h2>Water</h2><br>
<p>Despite the abundant precipitation, karst plateaus have almost no water. The drainage divide is unclear because of the karst surface. The largest spring is that of the Hubelj River near Ajdovščina.</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The Trnovo Forest Plateau is covered by mixed beech and fir forest (Abieti-fagetum dinaricum). The highest vegetation is on Little Mount Golak (1,495 m), which is bare at the summit, below which grow dwarf willow (Salix sp.) and mountain pine (Pinus mugo). Protected flora grows in the rocky crevices, including the Carniolan primrose (Primula carniolica).</p><br>
<p>The share of forest is 75.5%, but this is increasing because of the afforestation of abandoned farmland. Poor accessibility has resulted in relatively good preservation of the landscape features. The highest peaks are overgrown with mountain pine or grass. Dinaric beech and fir forest grow at elevations between 700 m and 1,200 m. At lower elevations this transitions into Dinaric submontane beech forest. There is relatively little shrubland.</p><br>
<h2>Soil</h2><br>
<p>Chromic cambisol and rendzina have developed on Cretaceous and Jurassic limestone and on Triassic dolomite. More acidic soils are found only on limestone with chert. Due to karstification, the depth of regolith is very uneven. The substantial precipitation quickly erodes the soil, and it is also carried away by the bora wind in exposed locations.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>The plateau had a population of 4,534 in the 1991 census, and the population density was only 9 /km2, making the area one of the most sparsely populated in Slovenia. Only the western part is inhabited. The settlements were formed through more recent high-elevation colonization, and the dominant patterns are clustered villages and isolated farms. The age profile of the population is unfavorable.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>In addition to forestry, farming is also an important economic activity. The basic farming activity is animal husbandry, especially raising cattle. The share of the farming population is 14.4%. Tourism is becoming increasingly important: the steep slopes of the plateau attract hikers, and some karst features also attract visitors, especially ice caves and sinkholes because of the vegetation associated with them.</p><br>
<p>The David Taylor House is a historic building located on the grounds of the Sheboygan County Historical Museum in Sheboygan, Wisconsin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Taylor House, built in the early 1850s by Judge David Taylor, a once prominent citizen in Sheboygan. Taylor was a circuit court judge and invested in the community in harbor development, railroads and many other community projects. He went on to the Wisconsin State Senate and the Wisconsin Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>The house became Sheboygan County property around 1900 and was later used for the Sheboygan County Sheriffs Office and jail from 1915 to 1936, when the Sheboygan County Courthouse was completed on the citys east side.</p><br>
<p>The house was used by the caretaker of Taylor Park for many years and was leased to the Sheboygan County Historical Society in 1949.</p><br>
<p>The Historical Society removed the jail equipment, including the bars from the windows and opened it as the county museum in 1954. Some of the exterior architectural details were removed or "updated" at that time and everything received a fresh coat of paint. A major landscaping plan was completed around the outside of the building. The museum was originally on the first floor. In the early 1970s, the museum expanded to the entire building. The Taylor House served as the main museum building until the new museum was opened in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Taylor House was land-marked locally and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Major restoration work took place in 2006 to clean and tuck pointing the brick and included the removal of the 1950s front porch and building a replica of the 1850s formal front porch, repair of wood architectural features as well as the removal of the fire escape. Because the David Taylor House is on the National Register of Historic Places, there are specific guidelines required in the restoration work.</p><br>
<p>National Australia Bank is a heritage-listed former bank building at 180 Queen Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by A & K Henderson and built from 1929 to 1930 by George Alexander Stronach. It is also known as National Bank of Australasia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This building, constructed in 1929-30, replaced an earlier bank which had erected in 1891 for the Royal Bank of Queensland. In 1917 the Royal Bank of Queensland merged with another Queensland bank, the Bank of North Queensland to form the Bank of Queensland. In 1922, the Bank of Queensland was absorbed by the National Bank of Australasia and several years later decided to build a new bank on the site.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Melbourne architects A & K Henderson with assistance from local firm of Atkinson, Powell & Conrad, the contractor was G A Stronach, with the technical advice of Thomas Walker Pearce. It was an example of the pervasive fashion for the neo-classical style in commercial and civic buildings, of similar scale and materials during the period. The building was opened on 6 May 1930 and its lavish fittings and imposing style attracted favourable comment. Prominent features of the building included the large bronze doors in the Queen Street entrance, separate lifts for tenants, and a special women&#39;s banking section fitted with lounge, retiring room, writing facilities and telephone. Over the years various professional tenants have occupied the upper floors - solicitors, doctors, accountants, architects, and optometrists.</p><br>
<p>The new building, like its predecessor, served as the head office of the National Bank of Australasia in Queensland until 1948 when it absorbed the last of the distinctively Queensland banks of the nineteenth century, the Queensland National Bank. The new head office was set up in the former Queensland National Bank building on the corner of Queen and Creek Streets. In 1983 the National Bank of Australasia merged with the Commercial Banking Corporation to form the National Australia Bank.</p><br>
<p>The bank no longer owns the building. It was sold in 2012 for $29.5 million. However, the bank continue to operate a safety deposit facility in the building&#39;s basement. Country Road operate a retail store from the ground floor while small tenants occupy the upper floors.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The National Australia Bank Central Branch, located at 180 Queen Street, is a seven storey structure with a steel frame and reinforced concrete floors and roof. The external walls are brick with sandstone facing and a granite plinth on the front facade. The sandstone is from Yangan, Queensland and the granite from Uralla, New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>The main facade, in the Classical Revival style, is divided into five vertical bays. The three central bays are distinguished by flanking giant order pilasters which extend from above the ground floor level to the cornice line below the parapet.</p><br>
<p>The openings on the upper level have semicircular arches. The three central openings have individual balconies with balustrading and a projecting cornice/balustrade that returns to the flanking side bays. These are plainer with narrower openings. The original glazing on the building has been replaced by aluminium framed glazing to a similar pattern.</p><br>
<p>At the ground floor level the building has four engaged Doric columns above the granite plinth and flanking the three entrance doorways. Over these is an entablature that has balustraded balconies to the first floor level.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor contains the main banking chamber with a mezzanine level, partly renovated. Much of the plaster detailing in the chamber remains. The vestibule and adjoining lift lobby have finely figured marble linings. The second and third floors retain the original office layout and finishes, but other levels have been modified to accommodate larger tenancies. The relatively austere basement contains carefully detailed security grilles and a strong room.</p><br>
<p>The south-western upper wall has bank signage.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>National Australia Bank was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The National Australia Bank is a fine example of a 1920s bank with Classical elements reflecting the solidity of a financial institution.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is significant for its contribution to the streetscape in terms of style, scale, and texture, in conjunction with the adjoining Finney Isles & Co Building.</p><br>
<p>Damhus Lake  is a lake located just north of Roskildevej, between Rødovre, Vanløse and Frederiksberg, on the western outskirts of inner Copenhagen, Denmark. Damhus Meadow , once a part of the lake, is located on the north side of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Damhus Lake is an artificial lake which was created some time during the Middle Ages when a dam was built on Harrestrup River (Harrestrup Å). The first known reference to it is from 1561 when king Frederick II gives it to the University of Copenhagen. From 1618, the lake played a role in Copenhagens water supply. It was then known as Langevadsdam. The name referred to the "Lange vad" ("long ford") to the south of the lake. The lakes current southern shoreline was defined in 1620&ndash;21 when an embankment was built across marshy stretch for the new Roskilde Road. The aim of the embankment was not only to protect the road against flooding but also to secure a more stable supply of water to Copenhagen by raising the water level in the lake. The water drained into St. Jørgen&#39;s Lake closter to the city through the artificial Ladegård Canal.</p><br>
<p>The Roskilde Road was a toll road until 1915, A building at the southwestern corner of the lake, Langevadsdamhuset, colloquially known as Damhuset, served as toll house. The lake gradually got its contemporary name from this toll house around 1800.</p><br>
<p>In 1849, a new embankment was constructed across the lake, separating it in two. In the 1920s and 1930s, Harestrup Å caused frequent floodings and it had also become known for its unpleasant odeur. In 1938 it was therefore decided to regulate it in connection with the city&#39;s establishment of the new public park Vigerslevparken. The stream was disconnected from the northern part of the lake, known as Bagsøen ("The Rear Lake"), which was drained and converted ito present-day Damhusengen (Damhus Meadow). In 1941, both lake and meadow were given status as public park. They were protected by the Conservation Authority in 1966.</p><br>
<p>St George&#39;s Anglican Church is a heritage-listed former church in the Beenleigh Historical Village, Main Street, Beenleigh, City of Logan, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built in 1875 by Wohlsen and Ehlers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Reverend Dubois was appointed as the Church of England minister for Beenleigh in March 1871, preaching his services in the local court house. By August 1871, the congregation were planning to build a church. However, by March 1873, plans for the church slowed down when Dubois left the district and the Bishop of Brisbane failed to appoint a replacement minister. In January 1874, the Reverend James Gilbertson was appointed to the district and planning resumed, calling for tenders in May 1874.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1875 by Wohlsen and Ehlers to a design by prominent Brisbane architect FDG Stanley. It was built on land donated by local pioneer Michael Tansey in the street which bears his name. It was officially opened in September 1875.</p><br>
<p>It was the first church built in Beenleigh. The town was then part of the Southport Parish and later a mission district before becoming a parish in 1982. A new church (also called St George&#39;s Anglican Church) was built next door at 10 Tansey Street in 1964. In 1981 the old church building was moved to its present site at the Beenleigh Historical Village and repaired.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This single-skin timber church is a one storey building on low concrete stumps with steeply pitched galvanised corrugated iron gable roofs. It is now prominently located facing Main Street in the Beenleigh Historical Village.</p><br>
<p>The church is rectangular in plan with an attached chancel on the northern end. The chancel is narrower in width and has a lower roof than the nave. A gabled porch located on the western side is the only point of entry.</p><br>
<p>The walls consist of vertical jointed (VJ) boards fixed to an exposed stud frame that is decoratively patterned with cross bracing. Inclined timber members fixed above the bottom plate shed water away from the walls, protecting structural timbers. The raked soffits are lined with diagonal beaded timber boards that continue internally to form a raked ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The entry and front facade gable are decorated with curved and diagonal timber members. Four timber steps lead to the timber entry porch. Arched double doors constructed of diagonal timber boards open directly from the porch onto the main space of the church. This space is interrupted only by a screen enclosure in the south west corner. The chancel has a raised timber floor and is framed by a chancel arch.</p><br>
<p>The rafters are exposed below the diagonally boarded ceiling. Trusses are formed where timber tie beams are attached to the underside of four of the rafters and connected back to the walls by curved timber braces.</p><br>
<p>Tall slender casement windows are arranged in groups of three in the end walls and singularly in the side walls. A replica of the original timber bell tower is located in front of the church.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St George&#39;s Anglican Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St George&#39;s Anglican Church is significant as the first church built in Beenleigh.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St George&#39;s Anglican Church is a fine example of a single-skin timber church demonstrating the decorative possibilities of this type of construction.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>St George&#39;s Anglican Church is a fine example of a single-skin timber church demonstrating the decorative possibilities of this type of construction.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St George&#39;s Anglican Church is a surviving example of the ecclesiastical work of prominent architect FDG Stanley.</p><br>
<p>Bethania Lutheran Church is a heritage-listed church at Church Road, Bethania, City of Logan, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1872 and is the oldest Lutheran church in Queensland. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was built in 1872 from locally sourced handmade bricks, timber and shingles.</p><br>
<p>It replaced an earlier slab church built in 1864 when a group of German immigrants who immigrated on the ship Susannah Godeffroy first settled in the area and gave it the name Bethanien. The graveyard next to the church has graves dating from 1866. In 1875, the railway line was built, passing close to the church and over the site of the earlier building.</p><br>
<p>The shingle roof was replaced with iron in 1907 and the new pulpit was built in 1926. For the centenary celebrations in 1972 major renovations were undertaken. A new iron roof, a plywood ceiling, new lighting and leadlight windows were installed. The church, although still used, is no longer the major worship centre of the parish.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This single storey church is constructed of hand-made bricks, rendered internally and externally and has steep gable roofs sheeted with galvanised corrugated iron. The brick walls are strengthened with engaged brick piers visible externally. The exterior plaster is raked to suggest stone construction.</p><br>
<p>The original timber bell tower is positioned opposite the entry doors to the church. The Beenleigh railway line runs adjacent to the property and a timber footbridge allows pedestrian access across this line. Several graves established prior to the railway line still exist in front of the church and on the other side of the line. The cemetery is now located at the rear of the church.</p><br>
<p>The building consists of a rectangular double height nave with square projections at both ends. The gable roofs over the two projecting rooms are lower than the nave roof. At the eastern end is a 1972 concrete block entry vestibule that replaced a timber entry porch. It is rendered to match the rest of the building and has double entry doors located on its eastern face. The original entry doors have been removed. On the western end is a private room that contains the staircase leading to the pulpit.</p><br>
<p>The pulpit located at the western end of the main space has been built as a balcony above the altar. This arrangement is original but the fabric has been reconstructed.</p><br>
<p>At the eastern end of this space, over the original entry is a timber mezzanine which has been extended to twice its original size. The mezzanine is reached by a steep timber staircase. The raked ceiling has a plywood lining that replaced painted sheet metal. Two steel tie rods connect the roof structure above the wall level.</p><br>
<p>The church has tall pointed arched windows in the side walls. Stained glass hopper windows replaced the original casement windows in 1972. The end walls and the attached vestibules have small pointed arched windows.</p><br>
<p>The church has suffered some alterations. Fabric has been replaced but the original forms have been maintained.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bethania Lutheran Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bethania Lutheran Church is significant for its association with the German settlers and the continuing association with the Lutheran community in the area.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Bethania Lutheran Church is significant as the oldest Lutheran Church in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>Bethania Lutheran Church shows evidence of handmade materials and rudimentary construction techniques used by the area&#39;s pioneers.</p><br>
<p>Old Carbrook State School is a heritage-listed former state school at 597–605 Beenleigh-Redland Bay Road, Carbrook, City of Logan, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1877 to 1977. It is also known as Gramzow Provisional School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Carbrook State School, now a high-set timber and iron building, was originally named Gramzow Provisional School when constructed in 1877.</p><br>
<p>The area around Carbrook was originally called the Logan District after Captain Patrick Logan who discovered the Logan River in 1826. The area was logged by timber getters before selectors began arriving in the 1860s. The first selector in the area was Herman Meissner who took up his selection in April 1868. The mainly German immigrants who settled in the Carbrook area named the settlement Gramzow after the town Gramzow in Germany, and followed agricultural pursuits including the growing and milling of sugar cane and arrowroot. Later, the area supported dairying which gave way to bananas and a variety of small crops.</p><br>
<p>In 1876, farmers John Sommer, Charles Habermann, August Fischer and James Graham, formed a committee representing the community and requested the Department of Public Instruction to establish a State School at Gramzow. The request was refused as there were insufficient student numbers to justify the establishment of a State School, but the Department suggested that the best way will be to begin with a Provisional School at Gramzow, and when the attendance exceeds thirty, a residence can be added. A Provisional School was described as being one in which temporary provision is made for the primary instruction of children and not being a State school. These schools were established where an average attendance of between 12 and 30 pupils could be maintained and where the local promoters could provide a suitable building at their own expense. These buildings could be built on private land, Crown land or on land vested in the Minister. When the average attendance of the school rose to more than 30, the school committee was expected to raise the requisite one-fifth local contribution towards the cost of a State school.</p><br>
<p>In March 1876, farmers August Fischer and Herman Meissner each sold two acres of land, creating a four-acre school site, to the Department of Public Instruction for the nominal price of five shillings each (registered in May 1876). The land had been alienated from the crown in 1868, with Fischer obtaining 38 acres and Meissner obtaining 50 acres. Tenders for construction were called in March 1877. The school building cost £174, with the residents subscribing £70 (£50 cash and £20 value of the land), and the Gramzow Provisional School opened on 5 November 1877 with 23 pupils enrolled in the December quarter. Tenders were called for the teachers residence in August 1878. The teachers residence was completed on 17 January 1879 (no longer extant), the school became a State School on 20 January 1879, and was first inspected on 7 June 1879 at which time there were 33 pupils enrolled.</p><br>
<h3>The School</h3><br>
<p>The school building was built on low timber stumps with a timber shingled roof, unlined weatherboard walls and without a verandah. The building was set back from the road towards the rear of the lightly timbered site, as this was the highest position within the low-lying land, which was described as being very flat and boggy in wet weather.</p><br>
<p>A verandah was added to the north side of the school building in 1889, with either end enclosed as a hat room and lavatory. The first Arbor Day was held in 1892, and between 1892-96 a gateway was erected and later, driveway trees were planted. In 1908 the school building was roofed with corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>Children of German families from Gramzow walked to Alberton (formerly Elkana) every Thursday to attend the German School to learn German. The school was located near St Peter&#39;s Lutheran Church where services were conducted in German until the First World War. In 1916 Gramzow was changed to Carbrook, and in November of that year the Department of Public Instruction approved the change of name of the School to Carbrook State School. The war created anti-German sentiment and the use of the German language was extremely unpopular.</p><br>
<p>During the early 1920s there was much controversy between parents and teachers at the school, for a number of reasons. Various reports were conducted, with an October 1930 report by the District Inspector concluding that "from the open way in which parents and children talked, I feel that modesty is not one of the virtues of Carbrook".</p><br>
<p>The school experimented with growing cotton in the school garden, but in April 1923 it was reported that the experiment was unsuccessful as the soil was poor and swampy. The school building was raised onto high stumps in 1932, and the interior walls were lined with vertical boarding. Later that year the rear and sides of the underfloor area was enclosed with corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>In September 1936 electricity was connected to the teacher&#39;s residence and school building, and a ceiling was installed in the school building in May 1940. To increase light and ventilation, plans had been prepared in May 1941 for the replacement of the east windows of the school building, but it was not until August 1949 that approval was given for the removal of the east sash windows and their replacement with casement windows with fanlights and window hood. The southeast sash window was also removed and walled over.</p><br>
<p>A six-foot fence was erected between the school and the teachers residence in May 1952, replacing an earlier timber paling fence. In August 1954 approval was given for asphalting the underfloor area of the school building, which consisted of fine dust and dirt. Due to the removal of the teachers residence in 1955, the electricity connection was rearranged, as both meters for the school building and teacher&#39;s residence were located on the verandah of the residence. In March 1956, the internal painting of the school building was approved, and prior to this the interior wall lining and ceiling had been unpainted. In June 1956 gravel filling was provided for the driveway, parade area and around the school.</p><br>
<p>In June 1960 two new lights were installed to replace the original single light. In February 1961 the Head Teacher was anxious to start a forestry plot, which was in existence by 1964 and eventually held 375 pine trees. By June 1963 the northeast end of the verandah had been enclosed to form a library.</p><br>
<p>Student numbers gradually declined (only 16 students in 1974) until 1976, when a significant increase in enrolments necessitated an expansion of facilities at the school. At this time, the school had an extremely high rate of student turnover, and the major source of students was claimed to be the nearby Aquatic Gardens Caravan Park and a Revival Centre.</p><br>
<p>The school celebrated its centenary in 1977, and a time capsule was buried to the northwest of the school building on 1 October 1977. The school building was restumped with concrete and steel posts, corrugated iron sheeting around the underfloor area was replaced with weatherboard and louvres, and the school was carpeted and repainted. At this time, a demountable classroom (no longer extant) was installed to the northeast of the school building, and an adventure playground was constructed to the west in 1978. From this time, consideration was given to increasing the school grounds but negotiations with neighbouring landholders were not successful. By 1979, the alternative of a replacement school site was being investigated.</p><br>
<p>In March 1982, a second demountable building (no longer extant) was installed to the east of the school building to be used for classrooms. The original school building was then used as a library, with a staff room on the verandah.</p><br>
<p>Due to drainage problems on the original school site, it was decided in 1983 to procure a replacement school site. A number of sites were investigated, with the chosen site being located to the west of the school along Beenleigh&ndash;Redland Bay Road. Negotiations for the purchase of the site were not successful, and in 1985 the site was recommended to be resumed. Stage one of the replacement school was completed in January 1987, and it opened for the new school year. The official opening of the replacement school was not held until 14 May 1988.</p><br>
<p>Since this time, the former Carbrook State School has been vacant. A plan to use the site as a Special Education Facility was investigated for a number of years, but was finally abandoned. The removal of a demountable building was approved in January 1993, and the site was approved for disposal in September 1993.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the old school is being used by the Shaftesbury Centre for an animal therapy program for children who have suffered traumatic experiences.</p><br>
<h3>The Teacher's Residence</h3><br>
<p>The teacher&#39;s residence, completed in 1879, was constructed to the east of the school building and was built on low timber stumps with a timber shingled roof.</p><br>
<p>The first Head Teacher, Horace Heywood, arrived from England in September 1877 and awaited a teacher&#39;s residence to be built before he asked his wife and family to join him. No accommodation was made available for him when he arrived, and he was forced to live with two bachelor brothers in filth and confusion ineffable in a small room which swarmed with fleas and bugs that bit me every night. During the Christmas holidays he lived in the school building, at which time the school committee erected a slab humpy, without a floor, and having very small windows. He had to cook on an open air fire, and as the building stood near swampy ground and leaked badly in wet weather his books were spoilt and bedclothing mildewed.</p><br>
<p>These problems were alleviated with the completion of the teacher&#39;s residence in January 1879, which consisted of an L-shaped plan with a kitchen and small verandah at the rear and three main rooms with a verandah at the front. This was later enlarged with the addition of a room at the rear, forming a U-shaped plan with a verandah between, in 1908.</p><br>
<p>In September 1936 electricity was connected, and in May 1940 a ceiling was installed in the living room of the teacher&#39;s residence. In 1954 the residence was severely damaged by a cyclone, and was reported as having been condemned for 17 years. In February 1955, authorisation was given for the residence to be removed, and it was sold to Mr Heindrich Gottfried Berndt of Woongoolba for £160.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Carbrook State School building is a high-set timber structure located towards the rear of a large level site and is approached via an avenue of trees leading from Beenleigh-Redland Bay Road to the north.</p><br>
<p>The building has weatherboard cladding, a corrugated iron gable roof, and is supported by steel and concrete posts. A verandah is located on the north, with a corrugated iron skillion roof, central timber stair, timber posts and timber rail balustrade. Either end of the verandah was enclosed early to form two small rooms, with the northeast room being later extended to the central stair. The building has a central double timber door with glazed fanlight to the verandah, with narrow, paired timber sash windows to either side.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the building has a central double timber door accessed via a timber stair with a timber and iron awning, with a narrow paired sash window to the west, and the former east window having been closed over with weatherboard. The gable ends originally had three narrow sash windows, evidence of which can be seen in weatherboard infill, but the west gable now has a triple panel of glass louvres and the east has four sets of paired casements with a timber and iron window hood. Each gable has a high level opening which has been closed over.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building consists of one large room, with two enclosed rooms on the verandah. Walls have vertically jointed boarding, with boarded ceilings raked to collar beam height, and security bars have been fixed over windows. The northwest verandah room has unlined single-skin walls, a paired casement window, a timber door to the verandah and a doorway which has been cut into the internal wall. The northeast verandah room is larger, and has access to the verandah, but not the main room.</p><br>
<p>The sub-floor space has a concrete floor and has been partially enclosed with weatherboard and glass louvres to the rear. A storage room is located in the southwest corner, and has been enclosed with vertically jointed boarding and weatherboard.</p><br>
<p>The building has three corrugated iron rainwater tanks, and a flag pole to the northwest. Two fig trees are located to the north of the building flanking the central driveway, which is lined by an avenue of trees of various species.</p><br>
<p>A weatherboard toilet block with a skillion roof is located to the south of the building at the rear boundary. Pine trees line the road frontage and the east boundary, and the former playing field is located to the northeast.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Carbrook State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Carbrook State School, which opened as Gramzow Provisional School in 1877, functioned for 110 years and reflects the development of, and changes in, Primary Education in Queensland. The building is one of the earliest structures in the area, and as a public building the school is a record of the development of the Carbrook area and the growth of, and changes to, the Carbrook community.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former school, with its tree lined driveway and original school building located towards the rear of the site, makes a valuable contribution to the Carbrook landscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former school has strong associations with the early German settlers of the district, which is reflected in the importance the current community attaches to the site.</p><br>
<p>Fachwerk Farmhouse is a heritage-listed farmhouse at 445 - 469 Beenleigh Redland Bay Rd, Carbrook, City of Logan, Queensland, Australia. It was built by August Von Senden. It is also known as Krugers Farm. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The brick and timber farmhouse was erected beside the Logan River in the early 1870s for immigrant German farmer Christian Kruger and his family. It was built using construction methods and materials traditional to rural northern Germany, from where the majority of settlers along the Logan River in the middle of the 19th century emigrated.</p><br>
<p>The farm is located on the former Logan River Agricultural Reserve. The creation of agricultural reserves was one of the Queensland Governments earliest initiatives following separation from New South Wales in December 1859. Expanding agricultural production within Queenslands pastoral-based economy was necessary to reduce the colony&#39;s dependence on imported foodstuffs, and to encourage cash cropping of export commodities such as cotton and sugar. The Alienation of Crown Lands Act of 1860 incorporated provision for the government to create agricultural reserves on which good arable land was to be sold cheaply at the fixed price of £1 per acre. In the same year, an area of approximately 20,000 acres along the lower reaches of the Logan River 17 miles (30 kilometres) southeast of Brisbane was surveyed into farm portions. On 2 January 1861 this area was proclaimed the Logan River Agricultural Reserve, with the first sale of land on the reserve held in Brisbane on 2 April 1862. Extensions to the reserve totalling 33,000 acres were proclaimed in 1863 and 1864. The land that Christian Kruger later acquired was part of the second extension to the Logan River Agricultural Reserve. It was surveyed in 1865 and first offered for sale on 19 April 1866, but was not alienated at the time.</p><br>
<p>Another priority closely linked to the expansion of agriculture was the promotion of immigration to Queensland, to alleviate severe labour and skills shortages, expand the amount of land under cultivation, and create a local market for Queensland produce. To encourage the expansion of agriculture, amendments were made in 1861 to the Alienation of Crown Lands Act of 1860, whereby a system of land orders was introduced as an incentive to immigrants. This system was incorporated into the Immigration Act of 1864, and entitled immigrants from steerage or intermediate class who had paid their full passage to the receipt of non-transferable land orders. These land orders could be exchanged for any country or suburban land offered for sale by auction or selection to the value of the land orders issued. Assisted passages were offered to labourers and mechanics, but these persons usually did not receive land orders from 1864. Immigrants from England, Ireland and Scotland were the targeted group, but the Act also provided for emigration from Germany at the rate of no more than 2,000 adults per annum. In the 20 years (1861–81) that the land order system operated in Queensland, 9,514 German immigrants arrived on 45 voyages.</p><br>
<p>The first wave of German immigrants brought to Queensland under the auspices of immigration agent Johann Christian Heussler (appointed in 1861) and the Godeffroy & Son shipping company arrived in 1864 and settled at Bethania on the Logan River, where they were among the first to take up agricultural land. Large numbers of German immigrants followed them to the area, settling around Bethania, Beenleigh, Yatala, Eagleby (formerly Philadelphia), Alberton, Carbrook (formerly Gramzow), Stapylton (formerly Yellow Wood) and Pimpama. In the 1871 census, 20% of the Logan-Albert district population was German born (compared with 7% for the whole of Queensland), and the percentage was much higher on the Logan River Agricultural Reserve, which was populated predominantly by German immigrant families. As late as 1898, the Logan River area with its German population was referred to by the English community as "Germany", with Australian-born children of immigrant parents still speaking low German, or deusch plat, possibly as their principal language. By 1898 the district had 7 Lutheran churches which nurtured and facilitated German culture on the Logan reserve. Until well into the 20th century, church services were conducted in German and German language schools operated at several of the Logan churches.</p><br>
<p>Christian Kruger and his wife Wilhelmine and two children arrived at Moreton Bay on the Suzanne Goddefroy on 6 September 1865. This was the peak year for German immigration to Queensland, with 2,830 immigrants arriving in 12 ships. Most of these immigrants were attracted by the opportunity to acquire cheap farmland in Queensland - very few appear to have emigrated for religious or political reasons at this period. For the first two years the Kruger family resided at Bethania, where Christian worked as a farm labourer in the closely knit German community. In 1867 he selected portion 203, parish of Mackenzie, a parcel of 31 acres on the north side of the Logan River at Gramzow, some miles downstream from Bethania. Gramzow was named after the small town of Gramzow in the Uckermark region of Prussia (north Germany), from where large numbers of the early Logan settlers had emigrated in 1864-65. It was renamed Carbrook in 1916 during World War I, when anti-German sentiment was high.</p><br>
<p>The Kruger family may have been assisted immigrants not eligible for land orders, because there is no record of them having received government land orders, and Christian made application for the Gramzow selection on 23 August 1867 under the conditions of the Leasing Act of 1866. This Act enabled any Crown land offered for sale by auction or selection and not sold within 30 days, to be opened for lease. The term of the lease was eight years, and the land would be granted to the lessee as freehold following the final year&#39;s payment. Christian Kruger was able to pay off his lease some years in advance, and acquired the freehold to portion 203 on 31 December 1872.</p><br>
<p>Like most of the German settlers on the Logan River reserve, the Krugers erected a slab and bark hut as their first dwelling, and concentrated on clearing the scrub, fencing the land and planting their first crop, which probably was maize. Within a few years the farm had proved viable, and the family was able to erect a larger and more substantial residence. According to a local tradition, the present farmhouse was built in 1871, the year Mrs Auguste Ernestine Kruger (née Raedel), Christian&#39;s daughter-in-law, was born. However, it is also possible the house was built, after Christian Kruger acquired title to the land.</p><br>
<p>The Krugers constructed their farmhouse in the half-timbering or fachwerk method similar to the mid-19th century German farmhouses erected in South Australia (at Hahndorf, Paechtown, Lobethal, the Barossa Valley, etc.), and traditional to north German rural communities. Fachwerk, meaning shelf-work, involved the raising of an interlocking timber frame that was then infilled with masonry such as brick-nogging or wattle and daub. The latter was often rendered. Similarly constructed buildings identified in the Logan River district include:</p><br>
<p>the first St Paul&#39;s Lutheran Church at Gramzow erected in 1875 under the supervision of August von Senden, a Gramzow-Mount Cotton resident</p><br>
<p>the first Lutheran manse at Bethania erected by 1884</p><br>
<p>the Holzheimer farmhouse at Bethania, erected by</p><br>
<p>the Schneider home at Waterford, which also operated as the Waterford Post Office</p><br>
<p>M Schneider&#39;s blacksmith shop at Waterford</p><br>
<p>Apart from the farmhouse at the former Kruger&#39;s farm, none of these buildings survive. The Bethania Lutheran Church and the Eagleby Lutheran Church were constructed of brick, but not in the half-timbered fashion.</p><br>
<p>Fachwerk buildings were not unusual on the Logan River Agricultural Reserve, but neither were they common. If an early farmhouse of slab construction was replaced by a more substantial house during the 1860s or 1870s, half-timbering was an option. By the 1880s, however, it would appear that the early homes were being replaced with standard Queensland timber and corrugated galvanised iron residences. The reason as to why fachwerk was no longer practised has yet to be established. The construction of fachwerk houses required the services of a highly skilled craftsman due to the complexity of the jointing and assembly of the structural timber frame.</p><br>
<p>August von Senden may have been the master carpenter who constructed the frame for the Krugers and supervised its erection. Von Senden was a neighbour of Christian Kruger, and was resident on the Logan River Agricultural Reserve from at least September 1869, when he made application to select portion 208, parish of Mackenzie. In partnership with E Schroeder he later held portions 200 and 201, and from 1873 leased a substantial land holding at Mt Cotton as well as his Gramzow farms. Von Senden supervised the erection of the frame for St Pauls at Gramzow, and although clearly a farmer - with interests in a sugar mill at Mount Cotton as well - is listed in the 1889 Queensland Post Office Directory as a carpenter.</p><br>
<p>The timber frame (walls, floor and roof) of the Fachwerk Farmhouse appears to have been cut and dressed off site, with each section clearly marked with Roman numerals or other identifying marks. The Kruger family believes the frame, with the exception of the verandahs, was then assembled and raised by 14 men in one day. It was then infilled with hand-made bricks which reputedly came from Eagleby, on the other side of the Logan River. The roof was shingled originally, unlike the thatched roofs of the South Australian fachwerk buildings. Also unlike the South Australian buildings, which usually rested on a stone plinth, the Gramzow house is elevated on timber stumps. This standard method utilized in most Queensland timber buildings is also a feature of some German fachwerk houses, especially those located on flood plains. Von Senden was a native of Holstein where it was common practice for buildings erected in swampy areas and on low-lying islands to be raised on piers.</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse originally had a separate kitchen and smokehouse. A kitchen alcove was added to the original building around the end of the 19th century. The farmhouse survived the great flood of January 1887, despite water rising several feet inside. By 1888, Kruger&#39;s farm was concentrating on sugar production, one of the staple crops in the Logan-Albert district until the collapse of the sugar industry after the turn of the century, and the family had an interest in a sugar mill on an adjacent property.</p><br>
<p>Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Kruger, who in 1865 at the age of 10 had emigrated to the Logan with his parents Christian and Wilhelmine, married in 1891 and raised 13 children on the farm. Title to the farm had passed to him in 1886, although his parents continued to reside there until their deaths in 1905, within 5 months of each other. CFW Kruger died in 1928, but his widow Auguste Ernestine Raedel remained at Kruger&#39;s farm until her death at the age of nearly 100 in 1970. Title to the farm passed out of the Kruger family in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A 12-hectare property on the northern bank of the Logan River at Carbrook, the former Kruger&#39;s Farm is situated in a rural residential area at the intersection of the Beenleigh-Redland Bay Road and Skinners Road. Skinners Road, a continuation of the Mount Cotton Road, joins Skinners Park, a former wharf reserve on the Logan River, to form the western boundary of the farm. Other rural residential properties adjoin the eastern boundary of the farm.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the property is via the northern frontage that faces the Beenleigh-Redland Bay Road. An extended driveway leads from the northeast corner, through grazing paddocks, past a cluster of timber sheds, to the original brick and timber farmhouse. Other structures on the property include a substantial extension to the farmhouse, a modern garage, stockyards and a dam. The extension and the garage are not significant.</p><br>
<p>The Fachwerk Farmhouse is located adjacent to the dam, towards the eastern side of the property and somewhat closer to the river frontage than the road frontage. An elevated timber framed brick cottage with a corrugated iron gable roof, it is a simple rectangular planned building with skillion-roofed verandahs on the longer north and south elevations. Consisting of a main level and an attic built under the steeply pitched roof, the house has been constructed using the traditional German building method known as fachwerk.</p><br>
<p>Fachwerk is a type of half-timbering consisting of the erection of a timber structural frame, the walls of which are then infilled with non-structural masonry panels. In this case the infill is face brickwork. The framing, reputed to be grey ironbark, is generally square in section, hand cut and assembled off site prior to the final erection. Roman numerals and runes are inscribed in the timber to identify the position of each structural member. Joints, including cross-halved, checked and mortise and tenon, interlock the timber members giving the frame greater structural rigidity. Each member must be placed into position in the correct sequence during erection due to the complexity of the jointing system. Round timber pegs are used to position and hold joints, instead of nails. Some of these timber pegs are visible, cut flush with the face of the posts.</p><br>
<p>The timber frame is clearly visible on the exterior of the building and throughout most of the interior. Short timber stumps support sturdy horizontal bottom plates positioned in line with the floor joists. The bottom plates on the eastern and western ends extend to form the framing for the verandah floors. Timber posts mounted on the bottom plate, are positioned at regular intervals dividing the wall into panels. Horizontal top plates, positioned in line with the floor joists of the attic on the east and west walls and directly under the floor joists on the north and south walls, rest on the top of the posts. Between each post are two rows of timber nogging, dividing the panels equally except where windows, mostly timber casements, are incorporated. Diagonal cross bracing, half-checked where it meets the horizontal nogging, is used externally in the wall panels adjacent to the corners of the building. Panels of interior wall that meet the perimeter walls are also cross-braced. In the gable end walls, shorter posts of various heights are positioned between the top plate and the rafters. The timber frame was originally finished with a stain, possibly of ox blood, but has since been painted.</p><br>
<p>Brick infill panels in stretcher bond fit snugly into the spaces between the timber wall members. This kind of brickwork is known as backfilling or brick nogging. The heights between the horizontal timber members are sized to suit brick dimensions. The original bricks are soft handmade bricks, reddish brown in colour and laid with a lime mortar.</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse has a simple gable roof, clad in corrugated iron. The roof structure consists of a series of timber rafters supported on a central ridge beam and the perimeter walls. Timber posts, positioned over the lower level internal walls, break the span of the ridge beam. A timber bracket on one side of the post further reduces the central span. Roofs over the verandahs are a continuation of the gable roof of the house but with a shallower pitch.</p><br>
<p>The north verandah has a timber floor, timber stairs and exposed timber framing including, timber posts with decorative brackets supporting the verandah beam. Brick stairs of recent construction have been built on the eastern end of the verandah. A panelled timber door in the centre of the north elevation opens into the living room of the farmhouse. The north verandah overlooks a lawn and garden which are fenced off from the surrounding paddocks. The remains of a once large fig tree, which has resprouted, is located just in front of this verandah.</p><br>
<p>The south verandah has been built in and a skillion-roofed patio with a concrete floor has been added. The south west corner of the verandah, enclosed with a similar type of construction to the main house, now houses a bathroom. The remainder of the verandah is enclosed by aluminium sliding doors. The eastern end of the south verandah opens into the recent extension to the original farmhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Fachwerk Farmhouse contains three rooms on the ground level, a central living room and two side rooms accessed from the central room. The floors are timber, covered with carpet and interior walls are rendered and painted. The timber frame is visible in the north and south walls and the internal dividing walls but the east and west walls have been re-plastered, concealing the timber framing. The original ceiling has been removed and a new timber attic floor now forms the ceiling over the ground level rooms, exposing the original timber ceiling joists.</p><br>
<p>A steep stair provides access from the south verandah to the attic. This stair has been added and the attic was probably originally reached via an external ladder. The attic ceiling has been lined with sheeting and the rafters are only partly visible. No original furniture remains in the farmhouse.</p><br>
<p>Some of the original fabric of the house was altered when renovations were carried out in the 1980s. The brickwork on the eastern and western walls, damaged in an earlier storm, was replaced with modern bricks and cement mortar. The brickwork in the gable at the western end of the building was replaced with glass installed between the original timber members. Windows in the eastern and western walls have been replaced with aluminium-framed windows and new awnings have been constructed over these windows.</p><br>
<p>Other structures that remain on the farm include three timber sheds located on either side of the entry driveway and timber cattle yards positioned to the east of the driveway. The sheds are all in very poor condition due to the effects of termites and weathering. Further investigation of the site might reveal remnants of earlier buildings such as a smoke house and kitchen, thought to have been built on the site of the new extension, a brick making facility in or near the dam and the remains of a pit saw and wharf in the adjoining park.</p><br>
<p>The site has only a few large trees, except for the riverbank which is thickly vegetated with established mangroves.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Fachwerk Farmhouse was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Influenced by the prevailing land order system and the appointment of German-born immigration agents, 1861 to 1881 was the period of large scale German immigration to Queensland. Little physical evidence survives of the close-knit communities these immigrants established along the Logan River and the farmhouse is a visible reminder of an important pattern of migration to Queensland during the second half of the 19th century. One of the oldest buildings remaining in the Logan district, the farmhouse also provides evidence of the early settlement of the Logan River Agricultural Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse is extremely rare as the only known surviving example of fachwerk in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in the early 1870s by immigrant German farmers using a traditional building technique, the Fachwerk Farmhouse at Carbrook is significant as rare surviving evidence of the transplantation of north German culture, language and tradition to Queensland during the formative post-Separation years.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Fachwerk Farmhouse is significant for its potential to reveal information about traditional north German construction techniques, especially from the Uckermark area of Germany, brought to Queensland in the mid-19th century. Further study of the place may also reveal other structures and archaeological remains that could contribute to our understanding of a way of life no longer practiced in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>A distinctive timber and masonry building method, fackwerk requires a master craftsman to fashion and erect a jointed timber frame. The farmhouse is substantially intact and demonstrates the principal characteristics of a fachwerkbau, or traditional north German half-timbered building.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Due to its unique appearance and the loss of other similar buildings, the place has a special association with early German immigrants who played an important role in the settlement of Queensland and whose descendants still live in the area.</p><br>
